Environmental studies

An environmental study is the interdisciplinary academic field which methodically studies human interaction with the environment. It is a wide-ranging field of study that also the natural environment, built environment and the sets of relationships between them.

The field involves study in basic principles of ecology and environmental science, as well as associated subjects such as ethics, psychology, demography, policy, politics, law, economics, philosophy, environmental sociology and environmental justice, planning, pollution coastal and natural resource management.

Environment is what we see around us, composed of both biotic and abiotic factors. It has profound effect over the living organisms. It also exerts influence over their metabolic activities. It causes even evolution to occur as the environment is dynamic and ever changing. The scope of environmental studies is therefore so wide that it has got relation with every science and scientific aspects in general and biology in particular.

This study makes the man to understand the importance of clean environment, Environmental Study, thus, will be a growing field for the future with the growing concerns about our global Warming and climate changes.

Man has been responsible for major part of the environmental degradation through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction wildlife. Hence, it becomes of paramount importance that people are aware of environmental issues and their possible solutions or curtailments. Excessive exploitation of natural resources has led us to such a situation that we are at the brink of ecological collapse. Sustainable development is need of the hour. Any developmental activity whether it is infrastructural, production/manufactme related or service sector related; it has to sustainable to save the human race from the plethora of enviromnental catastrophes. Environmental study therefore becomes so necessary to make people aware of all these issues, and it should be taught at all levels right from kinder garden to PG level irrespective course/branch of study since environmental issues are global in nature and the very existence of human race on this planet is dependent upon their solutions or curbing. ‘ It does not matter what country, class, creed you belong to, environmental studies are essential to make us vigilant and aware of what is happening around us with regard to environment and its degradatiom’protection and what governments/industries/NGOs are doing to save it and that makes us environmentally literate and a protector/friend of enviromnent 

The water cycle

THE WATER CYCLE Did you know that the water you drank. this morning might have been the same water  dinosaur drank millions of Years ago Or it may have been the statue water that supported Columbus' ships on the sea, There is the same amount of water on Earth today as there has always The water keeps moving around in an endless cynic called the Water cycle.
Water Itself Is the only substance that exists in liquid, gas and solid form a the key: to the Water cycle, Here's how the cycle works:

Water evaporates from oceans. rivers and lakes (water in us liquid form) and rises trio the atmosphere (water in its gas form ) where it our (lenses to form clouds, Precipitation then falls to the earth in the form of rain (water in its liquid) or snow (water in its solid form) where it flows. into oceans. rivers and lakes and the process begins again.

Third generation computers

Third Generation (1965—1974) Further development in electronics brought further reduction in size, ‘ greater reliability, speed and lower costs mmputer. Integrated circuits (IC) replaced the transistors, which was developed by JS Kilbi. This was the hallmark of the third generation of mmputers.

This development is known as Large Scale Integration and it refers to the ability to compress large number of integrated circuits on a single silicon chip. There is also VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).

Another development that changed the way people use computers was time sharing. A time-shared computer allows many users, each working at a separate input/ output terminal, to use it at the same time.

Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed ‘ the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to mass users because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Users could use software according to their need because Software and hardware were available separately.

Second generation computers

Second Generation (1955-1964)
In second generation of computers solid .state transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computers It was invented in Bell Laboratories.

The transistor was far superior than the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and: more reliable. To represent data a magnetic core is used in computer. At about the some time magnetic tape and disks began to be widely used as an auxiliary storage Magnetic disk was layered by iron oxide. Magnetic disks made possible direct access of data.

As a result of these devewpments, a significant increase in the weed and processmg capability of computers was achieved Businessmen began to use computers in increasing numbers and new high-level programming languages also developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

1st generation computers

First Generation (1942-1955)

The First generation computers were entirely electronic. They used. vacuum tubes to store instructions. Magnetic drums were used for memory. They were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and, in addition to using a great deal of electricity. ‘ generated a lot of heat which often needed expansive air-conditioning? First generation computers relied on machine language (1s and 0s), the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perfoer operations, and they could solve only one problem at a time. “ 

The UNIVAC 1, ENIAC and Mark I computers are examples of the first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commerciaI electronic computer. This machine was developed specially for scientific and military purposes but it was dedicated to a business client, the US. Census Bureau in 1951.

Development

The idea of development or progress has always been with us. We have aspirations or desires about what we would like to do and how we would like to live. Similarly. we have ideas about what a country should be like. What are the essential things that we require? Can life be better for all? How should people live together? Can there be more equality Development involves thinking about these questions and about the ways in which we can work towards at'hievtng these goals. This is a complex task and in this chapter we shall make a beginning at understanding development. You will learn more about these issues in greater depth in higher classes. Also. you will find answers to many of these questions not just tn economics but also in your course in history and political science. This is because the way we live today is iniluenced by the past. We can't desire for change without being aware of this. in the same way. it is only through I democratlc political. process. that these hopes and possibilities can be achieved in real life.

what people desire are regular work. better wages. and decent price for their crops or other products that they produce. In other words. they want more income. 

Besides seeking more income. one- way or the other. people also seek things like equal treatment. freedom. security. and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals. in fact. in some cases. these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not an that you need to live. 

Money. or material things that one can buy with it. is one factor on Which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material 

things mentioned above. if it is not obvious to you. then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire their friendship. Simihrh' ._ there are many things that are not easily measured but they mm s 

to our lives. These are often ignored. 

You might ask; —— if development can mean different things. how me some countries are generally called developed and others under- developed? Before we come to this. 

let us consider another question. 

When we compare different things. they could have similarities as well as diil‘erences. Which aspects do we use to compare them? Let us look at students in the class itself. How do we different students? 1hey differ in their height. health. talents and interests. The healthiest student may not be the most studious one. The most intelligent student may not be the friendliest one. So. how do we compare students? The criterion we may use depends on the purpose of comparison. We use different criterion to choose a sports team. a debate team. a music team or a team to organise a picnic. if for some purpose. we have to choose the criterion for the all-round progress of children in the class. how shall we do it? 

Usually we take one or more important characteriatics of 

pereone and compare them based on these characteristics. Of course. there can be differences about what are important characteristics that should form the basis of comparison: friendliness and spirit of cooperation. creativity or marks . secured? 

This is true of development too. For comparing countries. their income is considered to he one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like. and should have. they will be able to get with greater income. So. greater income itself is considered to be one important goal. 

Now. what is the income of a country? intuitively. the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. 

Cbse books

www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm 

From above link we can download books from standard 1 to 10th.